Fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of grain crops. Infected plants accumulate deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV), which are mycotoxins of the trichothecene B group. These toxins are also produced by F. graminearum species complex. New trichothecenes structurally similar to trichothecenes B but lacking the carbonyl group on C-8, designated NX toxins, were recently discovered in atypical isolates of F. graminearum from North America. Only these isolates and a few strains of a yet to be characterized Fusarium species from South Africa are known to produce NX-2 and other NX toxins. Here, we report that among 20 F. culmorum strains isolated from maize, wheat, and oat in Europe and Asia over a period of 70 years, 18 strains produced NX-2 simultaneously with 3-ADON and DON or NIV. Rice cultures of strains producing 3-ADON accumulated NX-2 in amounts corresponding to 2–8% of 3-ADON (1.2–36 mg/kg). A strain producing NIV accumulated NX-2 and NIV at comparable amounts (13.6 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively). In F. graminearum, producers of NX-2 possess a special variant of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by TRI1 that is unable to oxidize C-8. In F. culmorum, producers and nonproducers of NX-2 possess identical TRI1; the reason for the production of NX-2 is unknown. Our results indicate that the production of NX-2 simultaneously with trichothecenes B is a common feature of F. culmorum.
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Toxins
2022,
14(7), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070456
Keywords:NX-2; NX toxins;
Fusarium culmorum; 3-actyl-deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; trichothecenes; chemotype
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MDPI and ACS Style
Schiwek, S.; Alhussein, M.; Rodemann, C.; Budragchaa, T.; Beule, L.; von Tiedemann, A.; Karlovsky, P. Fusarium culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously with Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol. Toxins 2022, 14, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070456
AMA Style
Schiwek S, Alhussein M, Rodemann C, Budragchaa T, Beule L, von Tiedemann A, Karlovsky P. Fusarium culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously with Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol. Toxins. 2022; 14(7):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070456
Chicago/Turabian Style
Schiwek, Simon, Mohammad Alhussein, Charlotte Rodemann, Tuvshinjargal Budragchaa, Lukas Beule, Andreas von Tiedemann, and Petr Karlovsky. 2022. "Fusarium culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously with Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol" Toxins 14, no. 7: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070456
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