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The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels

Authors

Valentina Scarpino; Michael Sulyok; Rudolf Krska; Amedeo Reyneri; Massimo Blandino; Scarpino; Valentina; Sulyok; Michael; Krska; Rudolf; Reyneri; Amedeo; Blandino; Massimo

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Better title

The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels

Source

MDPI (mdpi.com)

URL

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/448

Date

2022-06-30

Description

Abstract

The European Food Safety Authority is currently evaluating the risks related to the presence of emerging mycotoxins in food and feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of soil fertility, resulting from different nitrogen fertilization rates, on the contamination of regulated mycotoxins and emerging fungal metabolites in maize grains. The trial was carried out in the 2012–2013 growing seasons as part of a long-term (20-year) experimental platform area in North-West Italy, where five different N rates, ranging from 0 to 400 kg N ha−1, were applied to maize each year. Maize samples were analyzed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method, and more than 25 of the most abundant mycotoxins and fungal metabolites were detected. Contamination by fumonisins and other fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. of the section Liseola was observed to have increased in soils that showed a poor fertility status. On the other hand, an overload of nitrogen fertilization was generally associated with higher deoxynivalenol and zearalenone contamination in maize kernels, as well as a higher risk of other fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. sections Discolor and Roseum. A balanced application of N fertilizer, in accordance with maize uptake, generally appears to be the best solution to guarantee an overall lower contamination by regulated mycotoxins and emerging fungal metabolites.

Keywords

categories = aurofusarin,beauvericin,bikaverin,culmorin,deoxynivalenol,deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,fumonisins,fusaric acid,moniliformin,zearalenone

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The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels

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Toxins

2022,

14(7), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070448

−1, were applied to maize each year. Maize samples were analyzed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method, and more than 25 of the most abundant mycotoxins and fungal metabolites were detected. Contamination by fumonisins and other fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. of the section Liseola was observed to have increased in soils that showed a poor fertility status. On the other hand, an overload of nitrogen fertilization was generally associated with higher deoxynivalenol and zearalenone contamination in maize kernels, as well as a higher risk of other fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. sections Discolor and Roseum. A balanced application of N fertilizer, in accordance with maize uptake, generally appears to be the best solution to guarantee an overall lower contamination by regulated mycotoxins and emerging fungal metabolites. View Full-Text

Keywords:aurofusarin; beauvericin; bikaverin; culmorin; deoxynivalenol; deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside; fumonisins; fusaric acid; moniliformin; zearalenone

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MDPI and ACS Style

Scarpino, V.; Sulyok, M.; Krska, R.; Reyneri, A.; Blandino, M. The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels. Toxins 2022, 14, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070448

AMA Style

Scarpino V, Sulyok M, Krska R, Reyneri A, Blandino M. The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels. Toxins. 2022; 14(7):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scarpino, Valentina, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska, Amedeo Reyneri, and Massimo Blandino. 2022. "The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Occurrence of Regulated, Modified and Emerging Mycotoxins and Fungal Metabolites in Maize Kernels" Toxins 14, no. 7: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070448

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